Fahrenheit 451 Vs. 1984 - 970 Words

Fahrenheit 451 vs. 1984 Ray Bradbury and George Orwell share a very similar theme in their two novels, Fahrenheit 451 and 1984. Winston Smith and Guy Montag work within an authoritarian organization, in which, they have opposing views of the authority. The novels are placed in a dystopian setting that the authority believes is a utopia. The dystopian fictions both have very similar predictions of the future. The predictions from these novels have not happened. However, it could be a short matter of time until the authors predictions on the future become reality. The main theme expressed in these novels is mass censorship on society. The authority figures shape society to believe what they want society to believe. In 1984, a group called â€Å"the party† exterminates and modifies any literature or documentations of history to get society to think what the party wants them to think. The party uses monitoring screens in homes and â€Å"thoughtpolice† to monitor cit izens actions and thoughts. In Fahrenheit 451, the authority does not modify any literature or documentation. The authority chooses to exterminate any form of literature and documentation. Therefore, the society has no knowledge about history and what goes on in the world. This censors the thoughts of society and does not allow citizens to speak freely and express their thoughts about anything. The main character in both novels, which many could consider protagonist, work within the authority that is censoringShow MoreRelated1984 vs. Fahrenheit 4512544 Words   |  11 Pages1984 vs. Fahrenheit 451 â€Å"Do you begin to see, then what kind of world we are creating? It is the exact opposite of the stupid hedonistic Utopias†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Orwell 267). 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 are both dystopias, although in each society, the government tells the citizens that it is a utopia. A dystopia is, â€Å"An imaginary place or state in which the condition of life is extremely bad, as from deprivation, oppression or terror† (â€Å"dystopia†). On the other hand, a utopia is described as, â€Å"An ideally perfectRead More Character Comparisons of Winston vs. Guy in Fahrenheit 451 and 1984882 Words   |  4 PagesWinston Smith vs. Guy Montag The two protagonists in Fahrenheit 451 and 1984 both started out somewhere, following the rules and doing what they were told, and towards the end of the book you see them change and become completely different people. In 1984, the reader experiences a nightmarish world that Orwell imagines through the eyes of the protagonist, Winston Smith. In Fahrenheit 451, the protagonist, Guy Montag is on a desperate search to find and understand his own life and purpose. TheseRead MoreThe Depiction Of Society In Bradburys Fahrenheit 4511335 Words   |  6 PagesDepiction of the Future Within the novels Fahrenheit 451, Brave New World, and 1984 the authors depict what they imagine the future will be like. Society today is corrupted by advanced technology, plagued by censorship, and intimate communication has been shattered. Although each novel has something comparable to today’s society, Bradbury’s depiction of society in Fahrenheit 451 is very comparable to America today. The society in the novel Fahrenheit 451 uses censorship to eliminate one’s feelingRead MoreAnalysis Of Salinger s The Catcher Rye 3756 Words   |  16 PagesSummer Reading-TASIS 2014 Rising 9th Grade Mainstream English The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger and Fahrenheit 541 by Ray Bradbury Please write a typed or handwritten response (200 words each in the language relevant to your course) to each of the following prompts on each of the works assigned for the course(s) you will be taking in 2014-2015: The Catcher in the Rye Initial Understanding: What are your thoughts and questions about the story? You might reflect upon characters, theirRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages269 United Chemical Company 269 Byron vs. Thomas 271 Active Listening Exercise 272 SKILL APPLICATION 274 Activities for Communicating Supportively Suggested Assignments 274 Application Plan and Evaluation 274 274 SCORING KEYS AND COMPARISON DATA 276 Communicating Supportively 276 Scoring Key 276 Comparison Data 276 Communication Styles 276 Comparison Data 276 SKILL PRACTICE Diagnosing Problems and Fostering Understanding: United Chemical Company and Byron vs. Thomas 278 Observer’s Feedback FormRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages.............................................................................. 299 CHAPTER 10 Deductive Reasoning .......................................................................................... 312 x Implying with Certainty vs. with Probability ................................................................................ 312 Distinguishing Deduction from Induction ..................................................................................... 319 Review of MajorRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesdetermining how student performance on a ï ¬ rstsemester calculus exam is affected by room temperature. There are four sections of calculus being offered in the fall semester. We might design an experiment in this way: Set the room temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit) to 65 in two of the rooms and to 75 in the other two rooms on test day, and then compare the exam scores for the 65 group and the 75 group. Suppose that the average exam score for the students in the 65 group was noticeably higher than the average

A Review On Disclosure Practices - 1726 Words

A Review of Disclosure Practices of Latin American Companies Abstract This paper analyzes current practices in several Latin American countries in the areas of corporate disclosure and transparency by focusing on the extent to which information is disclosed to investors through public channels, such as websites. We find weak disclosure practices, which will continue to prove problematic for capital flows and the future development of these countries. Specifically, poor disclosure practices lead to reluctance on the part of investors to invest in these companies, high costs of capital and poor valuations. Latin American firms should be encouraged to voluntarily increase disclosure, select independent boards, and enforce disciplinary†¦show more content†¦Such practices become even more important for emerging economies, as these countries aim to mobilize capital and achieve economic growth. Among emerging economies, the Latin American region is of significant concern. These economies struggle with below potential economic growth and inability to attract and keep investments, ultimately leading to increased poverty levels and loss of output which further damage investments and growth. In this context, disclosure and transparency are critical tools that governments and corporations must focus on to help investors feel confident about making business in the region. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of current corporate disclosure practices in Latin American countries by focusing on the extent to which information is disclosed to investors through public channels. We begin by reviewing the prior research in this field, and then proceed to presenting the data collected and to interpreting our findings. Prior Research Until recently, many believed that Latin America was a story of economic success. Year 2004 marked the start of the so-called Latin American decade, one where the region experienced exceptional economic growth and social progress. Capital flows had returned to Latin America in the 1990s following the debt crisis and return to democracy of the 1980s, the region also experienced long-term improvements in human

A Raisin In The Sun Character Analysis Essay Example For Students

A Raisin In The Sun Character Analysis Essay The play A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry has many interesting characters. In my opinion, the most fascinating character is Ruth because of her many emotions and captivating personality. She goes through extreme emotions in the play such as happiness, sadness, anger, stress, and confusion. Ruth is very independent, firm, kind, witty, and loving. Ruth has an intriguing personality. She is very loving towards her family. She will do all in her power to improve the lifestyle of her family. When it appears that the deal for the house in Clybourne Park will fall through, she promises to dedicate all of her time to make the investment work. Lena-Ill work Ill work 20 hours a day in all the kitchens in Chicago Ill strap my baby on my back if I have to and scrub all the floors and wash all the sheets in America if I have to-but we have to MOVE! she pleads to her mother-in-law (Hansberry140). Her plan is unrealistic and idealistic, but the well being of her family is more important to her than anything. Ruth is also witty and sarcastic at times. She cracks jokes to lighten the mood of her family when theyre worried. Well thats the way the cracker crumbles. Joke. (121) When Beneatha and Mama are stressing over the neighborhood they are moving into, Ruth makes a witty joke to improve the mood. Ruth supervises the daily routine and well being of her family. She makes sure that everyone does what they are supposed to and stays on track. For example, when Ruth says, Walter Lee-its time for you to GET UP! (25), she is making sure that her husband gets to work for the good of the family. Ruth stresses the importance of maintaining a good image of her family. When George arrives to take Beneatha out, Walter and Beneatha are not being well mannered, so Ruth takes control and tries to make-up for their behavior. Beneatha, you got company-whats the matter with you? Walter Lee Younger, get down off that table and stop acting like a fool (80) Ruth is also independent and kind. Ruths dream is to improve her familys lifestyle and move into a house where she can raise Travis and the new baby. To realize her dreams she should not put everyone elses wants and needs in front of hers all of the time. She should express her feelings more often so that her family will listen and help her to reach her goals. The play supports this view by showing how Ruth often neglects her feelings and pays great attention to her familys feelings, wants, and needs. Ruth compares with two people I know personally. My mom and my grandma remind me of her very much. My mom is very similar to Ruth because they are both independent, witty, loving, and kind. My mom keeps my family on track everyday just as Ruth does. Both my mother and Ruth crack jokes often to lighten the mood. My mom and Ruth care about the well being of their families more than anything. My Grandma is also very similar to Ruth in many ways. My grandma is loving, kind, and firm. My grandma and Ruth both love their families more than anything in the world. My grandma always puts the familys wants and needs in front of her own, as does Ruth. My grandma is kind to everyone and she is very firm in where she stands. She does what she feels is right in every situation, just like Ruth. Many important things can be learned from Ruth. She teaches the importance of family and being kind to everyone. .uf6e2d9ae750b386346447eb3ff4c2f06 , .uf6e2d9ae750b386346447eb3ff4c2f06 .postImageUrl , .uf6e2d9ae750b386346447eb3ff4c2f06 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf6e2d9ae750b386346447eb3ff4c2f06 , .uf6e2d9ae750b386346447eb3ff4c2f06:hover , .uf6e2d9ae750b386346447eb3ff4c2f06:visited , .uf6e2d9ae750b386346447eb3ff4c2f06:active { border:0!important; } .uf6e2d9ae750b386346447eb3ff4c2f06 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf6e2d9ae750b386346447eb3ff4c2f06 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf6e2d9ae750b386346447eb3ff4c2f06:active , .uf6e2d9ae750b386346447eb3ff4c2f06:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf6e2d9ae750b386346447eb3ff4c2f06 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf6e2d9ae750b386346447eb3ff4c2f06 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf6e2d9ae750b386346447eb3ff4c2f06 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf6e2d9ae750b386346447eb3ff4c2f06 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf6e2d9ae750b386346447eb3ff4c2f06:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf6e2d9ae750b386346447eb3ff4c2f06 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf6e2d9ae750b386346447eb3ff4c2f06 .uf6e2d9ae750b386346447eb3ff4c2f06-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf6e2d9ae750b386346447eb3ff4c2f06:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Computerized Layout Analysis Techniques EssayShe shows that with a positive attitude in life, things will turn out for the better. Ruth also teaches how it is important to stand by ones beliefs and not let tough times seize control of the situation. By following Ruths example, others can turn a negative situation into a positive one. Ruth teaches many morals and important lessons that others can benefit from. Ruth goes through many difficult situations and many diverse emotions, but she always manages to make it though. She has a very positive attitude and an ensnaring personality. Ruth is a very riveting character.

Vaccine Preventable Disease-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Questions: 1.Select one vaccine preventable disease (VPD) outbreak in Australian in the past 10 years. Provide a summary of statistics for the outbreak and outline the impact of the outbreak on the patient and the community. 2.Discuss the importance of continuing to maintain high herd immunity for VPD when diseases are no longer a threat in Australia. Answers: 1.Vaccine Preventable Disease Outbreak in Australia (for the past 10 years): Hepatitis A Summary of the Outbreak Statistics According to the reports published by ABC news (2017), there have been 82 to 41 reported cases of hepatitis A occurrence since 2013. The same statistics has been reported by NSW Health (2017). According to NSW (2017), the people who become victims of Hepatitis A outbreak have mostly returned from the high-risk countries. ABC news further reported that in 2015, at least 18 people have contracted the disease in Victoria with the outbreak associated with frozen berries. NSW Health (2017) has launched an investigation in order to study the hepatitis outbreak following the confirmation of 12 cases during the past five week alone in Sydney and in associated areas. This investigation showed that 10 out of 12 people have had no recent travel to overseas and thus the reason behind the occurrence of disease is maintenance of poor hygiene. The rate of occurrence was more prevalent among the aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children residing in the Northern Territory of South Australia, Que ensland and Western Australia (Australian Government Department of Health, 2017). Impact of the outbreak on the patient and community According to NSW Health (2017), Australia has low incidence of hepatitis A. However, the outbreak are mostly associated with the consumption of contaminated food products or at times linked with person-to-person spread. This viral disease is mostly a result of poor hygiene and the symptoms include vomiting, nausea, high fever, dark urine, yellowing of the skin and pale stools. 2.Importance of Herd Immunity According to the reports published by Thompson et al. (2017), the National Hepatitis A immunisation program has had a notable impact over the target population with relatively modest vaccination coverage along with evidence for suggestive f substantial herd protection effects. According to Ott, Irving and Wiersma (2012), Herd immunity signifies that not everyone in the community needs to be immunized in order to prevent the spread of the disease. If high percentage of individuals within the population is immune against the disease then it will ensure that the majority will safe guard the negligible susceptible groups because pathogen is less likely to spot any susceptible person. References Doctors probe food link in hepatitis A outbreak. (2017).ABC News. Retrieved 22 February 2018, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-09-05/hepatitis-a-outbreak-in-sydney-with-12-people-infected/8874800 NSW Health investigating hepatitis A outbreak in Sydney - News. (2017).Health.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 22 February 2018, from https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/news/Pages/20170905_02.aspx NSW Health investigating hepatitis A outbreak in Sydney - News. (2017).Health.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 22 February 2018, from https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/news/Pages/20170905_02.aspx Ott, J. J., Irving, G., Wiersma, S. T. (2012). Long-term protective effects of hepatitis A vaccines. A systematic review.Vaccine,31(1), 3-11. Thompson, C., Dey, A., Fearnley, E., Polkinghorne, B., Beard, F. (2017). Impact of the national targeted Hepatitis A immunisation program in Australia: 20002014.Vaccine,35(1), 170-176

Macbeth Themes Essays - Characters In Macbeth,

Macbeth: Themes Macbeth was written while when Scotland lacked a good Leader to defend it from a Norwasian invasion. During this dangerous situation, Macbeth stood out as the most commanding figure by defeating the rebel army. His thrill towards the witches' prophecies all confirmed his hopes of becoming the King and replacing King Duncan, who lacked the power and courage to save his country from this invasion. In this essay, I will discuss Macbeth during the many experiences that he had faced and come across and I will show how these experiences and pressures that he faced helped with the conclusion and theme of the play which yet has to be understood. The first signs that tell us of Macbeth's thoughts of becoming King were found when the King proclaimed his son, Malcolm, the heir to the Scottish throne, and Macbeth considered murder to overcome this obstacle that would prevent him from becoming the King. The prince of Cumberland! That is a step On which I must fall down, or else o'erleap, For in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires! Let not light see my black and deep desires. The eye wink at the hand; yet let that be, Which the eye fears, when it is done, to see. (Act 1:Scene 4:ln.55) When Lady Macbeth heard of her husband's success and read the letter, we almost immediately feel that a new source of power had appared in the drama. Her words reflected a great knowledge of her husband and her practical approach to problems as seen in the following two verses. Glacis thou art, and Cowdor, and shalt be What thou are promised. Yet do I fear thy nature. It is too full o' the milk of human kindness To catch the nearest way. Thou wouldst be great; Art not without ambition, but without The illness should attend it. What though wouldst highly, That wouldst though holily;wouldst not play false And yet wouldst wrongly win. Thou'ldst have, great Glacis That which cries"Thus though must do,"if though have it; And that which rather thou dost fear to do Than wishest should be undone. Hie thee hither, That I may pour my spirits in thine ear And chastise with the valor of my tongue All that impedes thee from the golden round Which fate and metaphysical aid doth seem To have thee crowned withal. (Act 1:Scene 5:ln.14 O, never Shall sun that morrow see! Your face, my thane, is a book where men May read strange matters. To beguile the time, Look like the time;bear welcome in your eye, Your hand, your tongue, look like the innocent flower, But be the serpent under't. He that's coming Must he provide for; and you shall put This night's great business into my dispatches, Which shall to all our nights and days to come, Give solely sovereign sway and masterdom. (Act 1:Scene 6:ln.68) Driven to murder King Duncan, Macbeth's conscience first appeared when he was not present to greet the King upon his arrival at the castle. This showed the lack of courage that Macbeth had to face his victim. If it were done when 'tis done, then 'twere well It were done quickly. If the assassination Could trammel up the consequence, and catch, With his surcease, success, that but this blow Might be the be-all and the end-all here, But here, upon this bank and shoal of time, We'ld jump the life to come. But in these cases We still have judgment here, that we but teach Bloody instructions, which being taught, return To plague the inventor.......................... (Act 1:Scene 7:ln 1) This verse stressed Macbeth's fears of punishment. He cleared out that he was prepared to suffer eternity if only this crime would go unpunished. He recognized certain obstacles in killing the King, the first and most important being was that the King was his guest. He also saw some dangers of committing the crime and understood it consequences well. When Macbeth tried to resist the temptation, his wife was the one that insisted on him to consent the murder. What beast was't then that made you brake this enterprise to me? When you drust do it, then you were a man; And to be more than what you were, you would Be so much more than man. Nor time nor place] Did then

International Slave Trade Outlawed In America in 1807

International Slave Trade Outlawed In America in 1807 The importation of African slaves was outlawed by an act of Congress passed in 1807, and signed into law by President Thomas Jefferson. The law was rooted in an obscure passage in the U.S. Constitution, which had stipulated that importing slaves could be prohibited 25 years after the ratification of the Constitution. Though the end of the international slave trade was a significant piece of legislation, it actually did not change much in a practical sense. The importation of slaves had already  been decreasing since the late 1700s. However, had the law had not gone into effect, the importation of slaves many have accelerated as the growth of the cotton industry accelerated following the widespread adoption of the cotton gin. Its important to note that the prohibition against importing African slaves did nothing to control the domestic traffic in slaves and the interstate slave trade. In some states, such as Virginia, changes in farming and the economy meant slave owners did not need great numbers of slaves. Meanwhile, planters of cotton and sugar in the Deep South needed a steady supply of new slaves. So a thriving slave-trading business developed in which slaves would typically sent southward. It was common for slaves to be shipped from Virginia ports to New Orleans, for instance. Solomon Northup, the author of the memoir Twelve Years a Slave, endured being sent from Virginia to bondage on Louisiana plantations. And, of course, an illegal traffic in slave trading across the Atlantic Ocean still continued. Ships of the U.S. Navy, sailing in what was called the African Squadron, were eventually dispatched to defeat the illegal trade. The 1807 Ban on Importing Slaves When the US Constitution was written in 1787, a generally overlooked and peculiar provision was included in Article I, the part of the document dealing with the duties of the legislative branch: Section 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.   In other words, the government could not ban the importation of slaves for 20 years after the adoption of the Constitution. And as the designated year 1808 approached, those opposed to slavery began making plans for legislation that would outlaw the trans-Atlantic slave trade. A senator from Vermont first introduced a bill to ban the importation of slaves in late 1805, and President Thomas Jefferson recommended the same course of action in his annual address to Congress a year later, in December 1806. The law was finally passed by both houses of Congress on March 2, 1807, and Jefferson signed it into law on March 3, 1807. However, given the restriction imposed by Article I, Section 9 of the Constitution, the law would only become effective on January 1, 1808. The law had 10 sections. The first section specifically outlawed the importation of slaves: Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,That from and after the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and eight, it shall not be lawful to import or bring into the United States or the territories thereof from any foreign kingdom, place, or country, any negro, mulatto, or person of colour, with intent to hold, sell, or dispose of such negro, mulatto, or person of colour, as a slave, or to be held to service or labour. The following sections set penalties for violations of the law, specified that it would be illegal to fit out ships in American waters to transport slaves, and stated that the U.S. Navy would enforce the law on the high seas. In subsequent years the law was often enforced by the Navy, which dispatched vessels to seize suspected slave ships. The  African Squadron patrolled the west coast of Africa for decades, interdicting ships suspected of carrying slaves. The 1807 law ending the importation of slaves did nothing to stop the buying and selling of slaves within the United States. And, of course, the controversy over slavery would continue for decades, and would not be finally resolved until the end of the Civil War and the passage of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution.

Summary Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary - Movie Review Example The above issues were explained with the help of graphics and pictures taken from supermarkets, restaurants, and the food packaging or processing industries. The name of the film, Food Inc reminds us the heavy industrialization of food products in the modern era. The film starts with the pictures taken from the supermarkets in order to make us aware of the various food products currently used in America. The film starts in this manner in order to show us the origin and processing of this food items. The music and the sound used in this film are suitable to the occasions and it gives us a pleasant background for watching of this movie. The major visuals used in this film are animals/birds and their meats. Americans are very much interested in non-vegetarian foods like beef, chicken, pork meat etc and hence the film was more focused on such items. Bright and dark colors were used sparingly to make the viewers more aware of the positives and negatives of American food industry. The usag e of light also was in such a way that the viewer may get enough insights about the current American food industry. This movie can be regarded as a piece of investigative journalism in which the industrialization of food items was mentioned. The major aim or theme of this movie is to make the public aware of how smartly the foods were being processed in America in order to make them for safe eating. At the same time, the movie reminds us the dangers in taking foods like chicken which were farmed to fatten in 45 days and grow bigger with the help of chemicals and hormones. Even though most of the times, the movie deals with the positive aspects of American food industry, at times it also shows troubling scenes of the American food industry. This film is capable of forcing the viewers think twice before taking any foods from American restaurants. The major message given by this movie to the viewers is that it is the American

High Line Park NYC Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

High Line Park NYC - Assignment Example The High Line Park of New York is a prominent example, where Jacobs’s viewpoint appears to have been very effective and influential. Discussion Jane Jacobs, in her famous work The Death and Life of Great American Cities, attacked the contemporary theory of urban planning based on modernist view and furnished reasoned criticisms against the works of the renowned planners like Robert Moses who were pressing ahead with their rationalized urban planning schemes for different American cities. Jacobs’s works gained attention and credibility due to her approach that involved credible analytics to deal with the urban economic cultures of Western world. A technical point that Jacobs focused on was the analyses of contemporary federal incentives and investments in the real estate sector. Contextual to this economic view of exploiting analytical data over investment patterns and government schemes, Jacobs further remarks, â€Å"The power to destroy which is possessed by authority over credit or by management of credit is negative: it is the power to withhold credit† (Jacobs, 295). In this way, Jacobs stands for decentralization and people oriented planning. In the same context, Jacobs has explained an alternative analytical approach that could substitute this return on investment or ROI seeking economic policy. According to Jacobs, life in a city involves complex behavior of numerous individual variables which can be defined as a sort of â€Å"disorganized complexity† (Jacobs, 431, 436). From statistical point of view, Jacobs’s analytical approach can be regarded as seeming chaos. In economic sense, this seeming chaos of city life must be controlled by allowing flexibility instead of harnessing order and discipline. For example, a remotely located children’s park in a planned city is actually more unsafe than the roadside playgrounds within a crowded residential locality. In the wake of modern research and analysis, Hoch et al fro m ICMA University appear to have interpreted Jacobs’s views in a more organized way. In the chapter on â€Å"Economic Analysis†, Hoch et al (119) advocate using a comparative analysis of a local economy (under planning) against the overall national economy and industrial patterns. For example, say iron and steel industry in a country provides for 50% of the total employments generated there. In such circumstances, planning a city that has grown around a steel plant where only 10% of the residents are employed in the iron and steel industry can be troublesome. So the urban planner will need to calculate the day time and night time populations of the city separately so that the city’s importance in national economy can be better understood. Jacobs’s theory of having disorganized complexity in city life appears to be very relevant in this kind of urban scenarios. Precondition to economic analyses Hoch et al, therefore, advocate for implementing descriptive s tatistical techniques so that inferences can be firmly grounded on the basis of dependable information. And the aim of all these analytical arrangements must focus on generating reasoned â€Å"decision-making criteria† (Hoch et al, 419) to address inequities and usher at better planning that would provide for appropriate capital improvements with regard to environmental factors as well. Benefits Keeping in mind the example of High Land Park in the New York City, it should be noted that accepting Jacobs’

Provider- Patient Relationship (CASE) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Provider- Patient Relationship (CASE) - Essay Example How do health care professionals find the balance to make decisions that honor, both, patient confidentiality and other ethical obligations like reporting a potential crime. It is, often, not an easy decision to make. Imagine yourself as an E.R. physician and a patient arrives who has, according to his companions, ingested a large quantity of illegal drugs. He does not wish to be treated, however, his companions feel that he is mentally impaired by his drug use and should be treated regardless. It is absolutely true that while under the influence of intoxicants one may not be capable of the best possible judgment, however, that may not be true in every case. If one is capable of understanding the consequences of his or her decision regarding receiving treatment and the potential outcomes of refusing it then it would be unethical to disregard their personal choice not to receive medical care. In the case provided the patient was deemed capable of understanding the situation and was allowed to leave without receiving treatment. Ethically, however, if the patient had not been successful in being evaluated as capable of making his own decisions then treatment would and should be administered despite their objections, or at least until they achieve a more competent mental state; for example the effect of the drugs wears off. In the second scenario we are presented with a woman that has admitted to be unable to retrieve a condom filled with an illegal narcotic substance from her vagina. In this case the ethical decision required by the healthcare professional is not so easy. There is the health of the patient, but the patient’s potential medical condition was caused in the process of committing a crime. In this case the decision that seems to create amiable solution results from treating the patient, without contacting law enforcement, and then if drugs were

Study Of Bureaucratic Leadership Management Essay

Study Of Bureaucratic Leadership Management Essay The textbook describes the Bureaucratic style of leadership as a supervisor who manages by the book and is seen by his/her employees as a police officer. This type of leadership style is great for workplaces where the employees have no chance of discretion when it comes to their jobs such as accounting and law related work. The term Bureaucracy can be traced to eighteenth-century French literature. The early usage referred to an official workplace (bureau) in which individual activities were routinely determined by explicit rules and regulations. As modern systems of management, bureaucracies are designed to rationally coordinate the duties and responsibilities of officials and employees or organizations. The delineation of official duties and responsibilities by means of formal rules and programs or activity, is intended to displace and constrain the otherwise private, idiosyncratic, and unlikely personal interests an d actions of individuals. Bureaucratic systems of administration are designed to ensure that the activities of individuals rationally contribute to the goals and interests of the organizations within which they work. Bureaucracy is the world of explicitly formulated goals, rules, procedures, and givens that define and regulate the place of its members, a world of specialization and expertise, with the roles of individuals minutely specified and differentiated. Its employees are organized by purpose, process, clientele, or place, It is a world that prices consistency, predictability, stability, and efficiency more than creativity and principle. Roles and duties are prescribed less by superiors than by tradition, formal examinations, and technical qualifications. Careers and job security are protected by tenure, pensions, union rules, professional standards and appeal procedures[2] Some other important characteristics of bureaucracies are the hierarchical ordering of authority relations, limiting the areas of command and responsibility for subordinate as well and superordinate personnel, the recruitment and promotion of individuals on the basis of technical expertise and competence, a clearly defined division of labor with specialization and training required for assigned tasks, a structuring of the work environment to ensure continuous and full time employment, and the fulfillment of individual career expectations within the organization, the impersonality and impartiality of relationship among organization members and with those outside the organization, the importance of official record in the form of written documents. I feel that when talking about Bureaucratic leadership, it is more like when talking about a computers programing. A computer follows a protocol to do whatever we need it to do, the same way a Bureaucratic leader looks to the rules, the protocol, to see what needs to be done and how it is to be done. This text explains that bureaucracy discourages the kind of power that is generated by the tapping of motivational bases among employees and the marshaling of personal- as opposed to organizational- resourcesAnd Bureaucracy, far from directing social change or serving as a factor in historical causation, consciously or not helps buttress the status quo. This is majorly significant in understanding Bureaucratic leadership because most people only know that bureaucratic leadership is about following the rules but they dont understand that there is an underlying need from these bureaucratic leaders to follow the rules and that their minds are stuck in the feeling of if its not broken, why fix it as well as knowing that maybe not following the rules may result in problems for them that would not have been generated had they followed to rules. Bureaucratic authority is formal power that has been vested in persons by virtue of their holding certain positions, that is, vested in the positions themselves. Such authority may be used to influence subordinates under a system of rewards and penalties, the carrot and stick method usually, and this authority from ruler to subordinate is accepted because the subordinate is motivated to respect its credibility and legitimacy. Basically conformity is the basis of bureaucratic leadership and bureaucracy in general. The knowledge that we must follow the rules, no matter what, to get ahead is the very thing that makes us feel that no matter how much or how little work we do our efforts will not be recognized. This leads to conformity and feeds into the status quo by hammering into our heads that the very act of trying to change the way things are, the workplace, society and such, may and will end in punishment either by literally removing us from the environment, termination, or by brainwashing us to think that our actions are wrong, rehabilitation. The historical trend towards increasing bureaucratization through modern Western Europe, highlighted by the changing structure of military organizations, is documented in the works of Karl Marx, however, the study of bureaucratic structure and process as the prominent sociological topic is based on the intellectual legacy of Max Weber. Max Weber observed that bureaucratic authority was not the rule but the exception. Even in large political systems such as those in ancient empires, rulers carried out key measures through their inner circles or personal trustees, table companions, and servants of the court. In certain cultures, unlike the ones just discussed, bureaucracies were the dominant basis of the organization, empires such as the Romans and China during recent history. To Weber, power represents the ability or capacity to have other people behave in accordance with certain orders or dictates, no matter if those affected care that its application is rightful or legitimate. Authority for Weber, represents the legitimation of this power by those whose activities are ordered in such way that the application of power and its impact is deemed to be proper and acceptable. At the root or bureaucratic conflicts, lies some kind of struggle and prestige. This struggle pervades the bureaucracy because it engages persons who tap one anothers motivational and need bases and who have various power resources that they can employ or mobilize in this process. Within the bureaucratic organization, rules serve to direct individual actions in ways that promote the technical efficiency of the organization. The distinctive feature of bureaucratic organization is not the use or rules per Se but, rather, the type of rules employed within a organization as well as the justification for the use of the rules. Rules have been, and continue to be, used in all forms of administration to control individual actions, whether it is by following the rules verbatim or by loosely interpreting them.

Malaria Life Cycle :: essays research papers

Page 1 of 6 Life Cycle of Malaria Page 2 of 6 Malaria is an ancient disease transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito that predates recorded history. Historically it was common in the swampy areas around Rome, and was believed that the tainted air in those locations made people very sick, the disease was therefore named malaria for the Latin root words bad air. Malaria is caused by small parasitic protozoa of the genus Plasmodium which infects both humans and mosquitoes in a cyclical process. It is carried by only by female mosquitoes residing in tropical and subtropical areas and is injected into unsuspecting human hosts by the bite of an infected mosquito. This particular Plasmodium is highly specific to infecting humans as we are the only vertebrates infected and the Anopheles mosquitoes are the vectors. (1). This papers main focus shall be the process by which a malarial plasmodium colonizes and infects a human host, the methods the body employs to control the infection and the continuous life cycle completed between the two hos ts. To understand any disease in humans one must first understand how it arrives into the body and what processes ensue. The following shall first describe the transmition of the disease and then the colonization that takes place. During a blood meal on a human a female mosquito must inject her saliva containing an anticoagulant agent to ensure and even flow of blood into the mouth (1). With the saliva comes malarial sporozoites which, within minutes of direct contact with the blood take an immediate route with the circulation of blood to the liver of the human (2). Research has indicated that once the sporozoites arrive in the livers sinusoidal cavities they stop their movement by using two major surface proteins, the circumsporozoite and the thormbospondin-related adhesive protein (3). Research Page 3 of 6 conducted by Pradel et al. suggests that the sporozoites use these surface proteins to attach to proteoglycans in the sinusoidal extracellular matrix to slow their travel through the liver and then bind to chondroiten and heparin sulfate proteoglycans on the Kupfer cells. The Kupfer cells then become the doorways through which the sporozoite leaves the circulatory system and enters the underlying hepatocytes. Once the sporozoites invade the hepatocytes they are protected from the immune system by a parasitophosphorous (4) vacuole that does not colocalize with the normal signals for acidifying organelles (2). Because the body doesn’t recognize the vacuole as a threat at this point it remains safely with in the hepatic cell where it will stay for 9-16 days and differentiate into haploid cells called schizont which contain nearly 30,000 compact cells called merozoites (1).

Client Server Architecture

In Computer science client-server is a software architecture model consisting of two parts, client systems and server systems, both communicate over computer network or on the same computer. A client-server application is a distributed system consisting of both client and server software. The clientà ¨les always initiates a connection to the server, while the server process always waits for requests from any client. When both the client process and server process are running on the same computer, this is called a single seat setup.Another type of related software architecture is known as peer-to-peer, because each host or application instance can simultaneously act as both a client and a server (unlike centralized servers of the client-server model) and because each has equivalent responsibilities and status. Peer-to-peer architectures are often abbreviated using the acronym POP. The client-server relationship describes the relation between the client and how it makes a service req uest from the server, and how the server can accept these requests, process them, and return the requested information to the linen.The interaction between client and server is often described consequence diagrams. Sequence diagrams are standardized in the Unified Modeling Language. Both client-server and POP architectures are in wide usage today. The basic type of client-server architecture employs only two types of hosts: clients and servers. This type of architecture is sometimes referred to stow-tier. The two-tier architecture meaner that the client acts as one tier and server process acts as the other tier. The client-server architecture has become one of the basic models of network imputing.Many types of applications have being written using the client- server model. Standard networked functions such as E-mail exchange, web access and database access, are based on the client-server model. For example, a web browser is a client program at the user computer that may access infor mation at any web server in the world. Contents [hide] * 1 Clients characteristics * 2 Server characteristics * 3 Advantages * 4 Disadvantages * 5 Examples * 6 Other pages Clients characteristics[change] * Always initiates requests to servers. Waits for replies. * Receives replies. * Usually connects too small number of servers at one time. Usually interacts directly with end-users using any user interface such as graphical user interface. Server characteristics[change] * Always wait for a request from one of the clients. * Serve clients requests then replies with requested data to the clients. * A server may communicate with other servers in order to serve a client request. Advantages[change] * In most cases, a client-server architecture enables the roles and responsibilities f a computing system to be distributed among several independent computers that are known to each other only through a network, so one of advantages of this model is greater ease of maintenance.For example, it is possible to replace, repair, upgrade, or even relocate a server while its clients remain both unaware and unaffected by that change. This independence from change is also referred to as encapsulation. * All the data is stored on the servers, which generally have better security controls than most clients. Servers can better control access and resources, to guarantee that only those clients with the appropriate permissions may access and change data. Since data storage is centralized, updates to that data are much easier to administrators than what would be possible under a POP architecture. Under a POP architecture, data updates may need to be distributed and applied to each â€Å"peer† in the network, which is both time-consuming and error-prone, as there can be thousands or even millions of peers. * Many advanced client- server technologies are already available which were designed to ensure security, user friendly interfaces, and ease of use. Client Server Architecture The term originally referred to the large cabinets that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers but as of today those cabinets are no longer cabinets but then powerful I high-end commercial machines which also are used in client server networking as servers and this has overshadowed most of the disadvantages of the old traditional mainframes that led to the many problems as like those faced by Hares company.The disadvantages of the way Mainframes were used in the Good old days is that there was no flexibility as mix and matching was not accommodated but they only revered so-called dumb terminals on the users' desktops meaning you had to be wired to the mainframe to access data, also software platforms were specific and maintenance and system management were costly as every component of the system needed to be maintained. Like any other company would have done to keep up with keep up with growing business demands, Hares implemented its first information s ystem in 1987 purchasing a mainframe computer.But then because of the revolution from the Good Old Days as explained above to the client [server they probably faces all the disadvantages pertaining to flexibility, maintenance and yester management, and it was difficult for them to connect with the outside world and so they had to also change their system to Client/Server . With Client Server advantages of flexibility gives a greater solution space than that which single computer models can achieve. Another advantage is the Openness as number of different platforms can be used in a network; all that is needed is some common protocol for them to communicate.Openness also lives the freedom of choice the implementation at any of the ends It is also reliable and this can be accomplished by production of the same programs and data around a network; this meaner that when en server breaks down another takes over. Servers also can be created specifically for a certain service. Client/server computing is also Scalable as more servers can be added to a network depending on the increase of application demand in though the increase in power is not linear I. E number of servers. And this is what Hares Company is faces in the present proving that also there present problems are not unique as well.The solution to this problem on the other hand is to increase hardware capabilities of the server and desktops. Another problem Hares faces is u to the configuring applications into client-server modules and in modifying the configuration in response to user feedback and this problem is Common in organizations using traditional (2-tier) client server in their business. 2. Suggest alternative architectures that could be used to overcome the problems faced by Hares' current Client/Server technology An alternative Architecture that can over comer problems faced by current Client/ Server is the Three- tier model and N-tier model architectures.Three-tier architecture meets the requiremen ts of large scale Internet and intranet client/server applications. It is more scalable, robust and flexible and can integrate data from multiple sources. This can solve the problem the company is facing of difficulty in configuring applications into client-server modules and in modifying the configuration in response to user feedback as the scalability is wider and the multiple sources of were data can be integrated make it easily possible for user feedback. Three-tier model is also easier to manage and deploy on the network as most of the code runs on the servers.Network interchange between applications is also minimized as abstract levels of service are created were instead of interacting erectly with the client calls business logic on the server. It is the business logic that accesses the database on behalf of the client. Three- tier as compared to tier 2 being used by Hares is less complex but can be centrally managed on the sever as application programs are made visible to sta ndard system management. Security is also high, performance is Better and application reuse is excellent. N tier client server architecture is wider than the 3 tier though the 3 tier can also be considered as an N tier.The N tier has no limits and is able to the growing in number of applications that have spilled over in to the world and is able to meet the challenge of the requirement poised buy these Intergalactic applications. This is because N tier clients frequently combine Middleware tier components within a single business transaction and a component can call other components to help in request and this could be very useful in Hares looking at the problem of user feedback they have as the requesting system will be much better than the one in place. 3. NNE of the suggestions proposed by Hares' IS department is the use of intranet web technology.Examine the pros and cons of such an idea. Intranet is an internal organizational network that uses Internet Protocol technology to sh are information, computing services and operational systems. This can be a company's internal network or a broader part of the organization's technology structure, and can be composed of multiple local area networks. The idea behind this is to organize different user's desktops in the organization at a low cost, also saving time and effort to be more productive, There are so many things that are good about having a functional intranet and that's why the IS department proposed the use of it.Pros of Intranet Single information source-Because data and information are kept in one place in an organized way it reduces on confusion of where information has begin kept and it can be easily accessed when needed as people will always know where to look thus saving on time. Common corporate culture is promoted: The ability for every user to view the same information within the Intranet makes it easy for an organization not to have different information which on the same things.Updates are Immed iate: live coverage of changes to your audience is made possible by Intranets and keeping them up to date thus limiting the company's liability. Time: information to employees is distributed on an as-needed basis. Employees can also access information at their convenience, rather than receiving electronic mail that may distract them indiscriminately. Business management and operations: The Intranet platform is begin used for developing and deploying applications that support business operations and decisions across the world wide web.Cost-effective: Saving on the hustle to maintaining physical documents, users can still view information and data via web-browser and this can save the business money used on printing/ duplicating comments and also maintenance of produced documents. CONS of Intranet Security: It's easy for individuals to have unauthorized access in to the intranet network and they may abuses materials. Software/Hardware incompatibility problems: because of the evolving technology upgrades are needed to keep up with the worlds demands otherwise a lot of problems in functioning of the intranet are faced.Availability of access to all employees: Some of the desks of employees may not have desktops and so it would make it difficult for them to access the intranet at their convenience. Information overload: As time moves on and information is posted n the intranet the presentation and design that helps users to filter out what they don't need, and get only the information that they really want becomes difficult and this begins to consume time thus undermining the advantage of intranet in time. Moderation: In case objectionable content is posted on to the intranet network someone has to clean up the mess.And this is very possible because all users have access and security is not strong so it is prone to cyber crime and so content that is objectionable can easily be posted. 4. Do you think the popularity of intranet software and the Internet pose threats to rotational Client/Server systems? Intranet software is the software that runs on servers and provides service facilities such us HTTP publishing like world which is the worldwide web, searching and indexing and FTP file retrieval facilities.Web browsers are the software used by clients to access pages on the web and because the protocols used by the intranet are the same as those by the web in makes it standard for users to use any web browser that is tested and these can be acquired free of charge or paid for at small cost. The internet is like a gold mine of anything one can need in connection with intranet footwear as one can get everything they need to the proper functionality of intranet networks.And the modern intranet has been able to come out of one building and via the internet basically do the exact thing client/server architecture is all about. In other words intranet software and the internet are a modern client server type of system. Intranet software and the interne t are able to create true intranet applications by employing existing client/server applications and also it is able to integrate applications in the Web browser that normally don't work and play well together.The Intranet then makes it possible for information to become available on the Internet from the same application environment and interface. Because of flexibility of Intranet software to operate on the internet many companies have flown that direction to save cost rather than implementing the traditional client server architecture. It is difficult and costly to spread the traditional client over geographical areas and because the internet makes this easy eliminating the hardware and is more effective the popularity of intranet software has increased and continues to be ore of preference to big organizations today.

10 Career Lessons You Should Learn in Your 20s

10 Career Lessons You Should Learn in Your 20s Every hiring manager is looking for something different- a unique combination of experience and skills. But there are also a few universal skills and values you should always work to keep sharp. Everyone, no matter what place on the job hierarchy, should check in once in a while to  dig deep and  ask yourself  if you’re working at the top of your personal game.Here are 10 of the top lessons working in the current landscape should teach you. Learn them now, and use them to keep your skills sharp and updated.1. Networking MattersYou may hate social media- and hate small talk even more- but social networks are proven to be a crucial factor in professional success. Put some time and effort into broadening yours. Stand by the proverbial water cooler, even if you hate it. And cultivate as wide and diverse a network as you can.2. Keep LearningThe second you decide you’re done learning, or know enough, is probably the second you become obsolete in your industry and in tod ay’s economy. Don’t be left behind. Be the old dog that learns new tricks, acquires new skills, reads up on all the current trends. Even if it weren’t important for success, your life will still be richer for it.3. Failure is ProductiveDon’t give up next time you fail. Think of each failure as an opportunity, or a beginning. What can you learn or improve for next time. What can you try differently? Build up the dusting-yourself-off muscle.4. Teamwork is DreamworkMost potential bosses are going to want you to demonstrate that you can be a team player. Make sure to build the ability to manage others, to delegate, and to build positive working relationships with your colleagues that help you all do your best work and achieve your loftiest goals.5. Organization  is KeyYou won’t get very far if your desk is buried under a pile of messy papers and your time management skills are nonexistent. Start working on prioritizing, systematizing, and setting you rself up to get things done in a timely and tidy fashion. Demonstrate that you can meet deadlines without sacrificing the quality of your work.6. Practice Awareness/AcumenThis is something you can beef up anytime, and might just prove invaluable. Learn what makes a company or industry tick, what works and doesn’t. What are the newest trends, the deepest seated problems? If you can show that you really get what a company is trying to do and achieve, then you’re halfway to getting hired.7. Cultivate IntegrityDon’t be petty or dishonest. Be fair and responsible in all of your dealings and activities. This is seen as a sign of maturity, self-confidence, and trustworthiness and that’s worth a lot in the hiring process.8. Problem SolveYou’ll need this skill throughout your life, not just on the job. But do find a way to demonstrate to hirers that you can attack a problem, find a solution, and get it done. Prove that you can go the extra distance, every t ime.9. Be AwareDiversity is a hugely important issue in the workplace. You should be as sensitive as possible and as aware as possible of other people and other cultures- and be prepared to demonstrate this in your job search. No excuses for ignorance or intolerance.10. Be Open to Trying New ThingsMake sure you have a willingness to try things different ways, to work alone or on a team, to work remotely, work in an office, to work on multiple things at once. Adaptability is a valuable skill that will serve you both on the job and in your life.

30 Best Content Research Tips That Will Make You More Influential

30 Best Content Research Tips That Will Make You More Influential Trust. Authority. Influence. What do these three things have in common? They’re all traits of successful content that establishes brands and content creators as real thought leaders. Every piece of content you publish should seek to achieve this trifecta. So, how do you create content that truly shows you’re a trustworthy and authoritative source? The answer can be summed up in one word: Research. Not the most exciting answer, right? Well, it is if you’re a dedicated content marketing nerd and you’re committed to blowing minds with amazingly in-depth stuff. The kind of stuff that digs deeper than the competition and doesn’t just make bold claims, but backs them up with facts and real data. The key to successful content research is to put a clear and repeatable process in place. In this post, we’ll cover thirty different ways you out-research and outsmart your competitor’s content marketing with better information. Roll up your sleeves and get ready to think outside the box.

What is Gnosticism What current expressions do you see today Essay

What is Gnosticism What current expressions do you see today - Essay Example "The demiurge may be depicted as an embodiment of evil, or in other instances as merely imperfect and benevolent as its inadequacy permits". Along with the demiurge exists a good supreme being, however remote and distant. In order to free oneself from the material world, one must find gnosis or "spiritual knowledge available to all through direct experience or knowledge". Some sects of Gnostics believe Jesus of Nazareth was sent to earth to bring gnosis, some believe he was sent to teach gnosis, and still others believe that he was just a man. In the first centuries before Christ, Gnosticism was popular in the Middle Eastern and Mediterranean areas. It was, however, suppressed in the fourth century by the Roman Empire. In the middle ages, many converted to Islam. "Gnostic ideas became influential in the philosophies of various esoteric mystical movements of the late 19th and 20th centuries in Europe and North America, including some that explicitly identify themselves as revivals or even continuations of earlier gnostic groups". Unlike Judaism, Christianity, and a lot of Pagan systems, the soul is not held by a Supreme Power. Gnosticism places, "the salvation of the soul merely in the possession of a quasi-intuitive knowledge of the mysteries of the universe and of magic formulae indicative of that knowledge. Gnostics were "people who knew", and their knowledge at once constituted them a superior class of beings, whose present and future status was essentially different from that of those who, for whatever reason, did not know (Arendzen, 2007)." The Catholic Encyclopedia offers that "A more complete and historical definition of Gnosticism would be": A collective name for a large number of greatly-varying and pantheistic-idealistic sects, which flourished from some time before the Christian Era down to the fifth century, and which, while borrowing the phraseology and some of the tenets of the chief religions of the day, and especially of Christianity, held matter to be a deterioration of spirit, and the whole universe a depravation of the Deity, and taught the ultimate end of all being to be the overcoming of the grossness of matter and the return to the Parent-Spirit, which return they held to be inaugurated and facilitated by the appearance of some God-sent Saviour. (Arendzen, 2007) There are essentially two great components that comprise the basis of Gnostic thought. The first is astrology. Astrology involved the power and influence of certain planetary bodies or symbols. "The greatness of the Seven -- the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, the Sun, Jupiter, and Saturn -- the sacred Hebdomad, symbolized for millenniums by the staged towers of Babylonia, remained undiminished. They ceased, indeed, to be worshipped as deities, but they remained archontes and dynameis, rules and powers whose almost irresistible force was dreaded by man. Practically, they were changed from gods to devas, or evil spirits" (Arendzen, 2007). The second major component is magic, or "the power ex opere operato of weird names, sounds, gestures, and actions, as also the mixture of elements to produce effects totally disproportionate to the cause" (Arendzen, 2007). Various doctrines to Gnostic theories exist. These included Cosmogony, Sophia-Myth, Soteriology, Eschatology, Doctrine of the Primeval Man, and the Barbelo. Various rites also exist, including Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist, the

BASF AG - The Nanjing Project Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BASF AG - The Nanjing Project Report - Essay Example Plastics This segment includes a wide range of goods, services, and system solutions. The company offers numeral production plastics for the electrical and the automotive industries as well as for use in domestic appliance, games, and leisure time products. The styrene froths are used as protective equipment in the construction firms and in packaging. The polyurethanes are very flexible. Soft froth for example, is used to manufacture mattresses and car seats, and as stiff foams, they augment the energy effectiveness of refrigerators. Performance Products Performance products credit stability and color to countless everyday items and help in the improvement of their functional profile. The firm’s product range includes food additives and vitamins as well as component for pharmaceuticals and sanitation and household items for personal care. Other Products of performance improve processes of oil and gas production, paper industry, mining, and water treatment. They can also improv e the effectiveness of petroleum and lubricants, the efficiency of glue and coatings, and the stability of plastics. Functional Solutions In this segment, there are the package system solutions and pioneering products for particular sectors and clients, specifically for the automotive, construction, and chemical firms. Their group comprises of industrial catalysts and automotives, industrial coatings and automotives, and concrete mixtures as well as constructions such as tile glue and architectural varnishing. Agricultural Solutions For crop security products that are used to kill insects, fungal diseases, and weeds are manufactured and they augment quality and protect crop yields. The study in plant biotechnology focuses on vegetation for greater agricultural activities, healthier nourishment and for application as renewable materials. Oil and Gas As the major producer of oil and gas in German, the industry center its exploration and manufacture on oil- and gas-rich sections in Nor th Africa, Europe, South America, Caspian sea region, and Russia. Together with their Russian associate Gazprom, they remain active in the transport, trading, and storage of natural gas in the European countries. Competencies of BASF AG Brand associated with quality The company produces many brands which are reliable, affordable, and of high quality. The company has integrated the AG employees and the current technology. It has ready market whereby customers and suppliers are given quality products, performance, and highly valued services. Across each industry, customers require products that increase comfort, improve quality, and reduce the consumption of energy. In 1993, the company was recognized as the worldwide trading firm for BASF SE. Due to the international trade, it has become a participant in the large-scale products markets of LPG, aromatics, and naphtha. The international trade maintains presence of market in three continents covering the relevant trading hubs around th e world. The company has three main locations, which are Zug (Switzerland), Houston (USA), and Singapore. The company does not only offer valuable products but also support the customers in facing many challenges by offering

Personal Ethical Foundations Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethical Foundations - Personal Statement Example I have moral obligation to offer my patients the best care possible to alleviate their suffering because it is right to help a person in need. I would not perform abortions because it’s murder unless when saving the life of the mother. This is a dilemma but by saving the mother, I am following the natural law. I would not practice in eugenics or assist in voluntary suicide because it is morally wrong and is against the social norms of the society. These laws preserve the dignity of human life and the sanctity of life as it is God given. They uphold the dignity and respect of medical practice and all who practice it. Human nature makes upholding natural law very difficult. One must be virtuous to have consistency in medical practice. According to Aristotle, a virtue lies between two central vices and is described as the mean by reference to two vices. Cardinal virtues expounded by ancient Greek philosophers are courage, prudence, temperance, and justice. By using reason, we make the right decisions and this will make me achieve job satisfaction and eventually actualization. By being courageous and doing the right thing we get happier and better at our jobs, this law is fundamental to success in the work place, as the code of conduct will govern most of the key decisions in the work place eliminating unnecessary conflict of beliefs. It is my responsibility to care for my patients and be responsive to their needs at all times during their medical care. It is not right to say that this principle applies to females alone as all practitioners care for the sick in health facilities. My responsibility would be to reduce their physical and emotional suffering by using own experience and expertise in the medical field. I would not withhold necessary treatment and facilities to a sick individual for whatever reason because it is morally wrong and against the medical code of ethics. It would be wrong to offer

Economic Recovery in UK Essay Example for Free

Economic Recovery in UK Essay Introduction Over the past few years, UK economy has been is a recession period characterized by decline in positive business conditions. This period indicated unfavorable business environment due to aspects of high taxation, reduced demand and high cost of imports. The period was also characterized by low cost of imports which results to unfavorable balance of trade in UK. Economic downturn in UK has great influence in business especially the high street brands (Holley, 2012). With that kind of economic, grow conditions there was increased concerns about the future of high street s. this trend threatened the long term survival and attractiveness of high street brands since the economic conditions undermined the ability to attract a range of potential customers and other businesses. However, signs of economic recovery are evident in United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is returning to economic growth, this is according to a range of economic indicators which reveal a stable housing market; firm’s raising confidence and employees’ readiness to hire (Irvin, 2006). According to economic data is growing faster where effects are felt throughout the economy. The data suggests that the economic recovery is evident in nearly all sectors in the United Kingdom economy. According to economic data in UK, the economy grew by 0.8 percent compared to last year economic grow denoted by 0.4 percent (Holley, 2012).  Ã‚   Considerably, economic recovery in UK has greatly boosted business in the country. For instance, many organizations have grown considerably in the current business environment that is ensured by the economy recovery. More precisely, companies such as Tesco has registered and increase in the total sales compared to recent past (Tesco annual report, 2013). This in turn has enhanced organizations strategic approach in regard planning in the current business environment. Most important, the constant economic recovery mood in UK is improving as most businesses are reacting to the increased business confidence through search of new markets. The situation has also encouraged investment and saving in United Kingdom. Increase in business confidence is accelerating; this is a fundamental financial performance signal in UK that indicates reported profit and turnover rise and is expected to improve further (Irvin, 2006). According to economic data, unemployment level has decreased drastically since the start of economic recovery in the country. This situation is characterized by increased demand, growth of most of sector especially retail. In addition, economic firing has ensured favorable balance of payment in UK (Holley, 2012). The economic recovery in UK also indicates enhanced future for high streets brands since it is improving its attractiveness and survival. According to economic data, improved economic conditions in UK will attract more potential investors and retailers to high street brands business. This because of the enhance business confidence and favorable business climate in United Kingdom. Generally, all sectors of United Kingdom economy are growing considerably showing continuing creation of employment opportunities by the government, educated workforce and enhanced living standards through reduction of costs of living (Irvin, 2006). According to economic data, there are indications of enhanced consumer confidence in United Kingdom. This phenomenon is precisely defined by the current economic recovery in  Ã‚   the country. According to Holley (2012), the level of consumer confidence is high indicated by the current economic conditions in a country. The improvement in consumer confidence is also ensured due the decline in unemployment in UK which helps to boost confidence. In addition, decline in house prices has also accounted for the improved consumer confidence in UK. Consumer confidence is fundamental as it influences economic policies in a country. Considerably, increased consumer confidence in UK has caused households to opt to invest instead of savings since they are confident of better returns with the prevailing economic conditions in the country. Positive trading conditions as a result of economic growth in U.K Growth in business confidence is a major indicator that enhances economic growth. This has lead many investors in the UK to invest in many sectors since they have confidence on the business has there is a confirmed stable growth that motivates them to even invest more in other different sectors. This trading condition has highly encouraged many businesses to search for new markets in the UK and this comes a result of them many investors within and outside UK having enough confidence on what they are investing thus, these has attributed much to enormous growth in their economy. In addition, they expect growth to create a huge pace now as the recovery continues to build steadily and business investment and net trade are also expected to offer increasing support to enhance over the coming years (Trade and investment for growth, 2011). Fairtrade sales in U.K have highly increases going up to â‚ ¬2.89bn globally towards the end of 2008 (Cofnas, 2012).   On the same line with the economic growth there is a high increase in demand that helped to avoid the economic crisis and demonstrate the difference that depict with Fairtrades. Consequently, Fairtrade is highly attributed towards enhancing the economic growth in UK. Many of the latest research prevail that through the mechanisms entailed, Fairtrade grants a positive economic opportunity for those individuals with smallholder farming families competent and ready to join producer associations and provide products of the right provisions for the required market. Consequently, numerous Fairtrade co-operatives are appropriate and are becoming stronger, frequently showing a higher capacity to survive in intricate times and becoming capable to grant important services to their members. This strengthening is mainly noticeable where producer ownership supplementary along the assessment chain is attained as demonstrated by the share ownership of producers (Cofnas, 2012). Increase in supply is another positive condition that has resulted from the economic growth in the UK. This came into consideration has the government offers and subsides to those producers of the necessary goods and services which generates external benefits that will diminish the cost of production as well has encourage more supply. This has been enacted to encourage the supply of merit goods in the UK. For instance in the education sector, health and those issues dealing with the housing finance and therefore, these particular merits can easily be funded from the local government taxation or from the nongovernmental organization and this has highly contributed to the economic growth over the last few years. This is basically because they focus on the public goods, for example they concentrate on building roads, bridges, airports and other more areas that are considered to be generating more income thus showing an increase in tax revenue. In addition, the food processing industry such as Cadbury plc is among those who have heavily benefited from the positive trading conditions, thus it noted to be among the largest leading confectionary with a wide range of products. Back in 2007, the Cadbury plc closed down the keynsham chocolate factory and this lead to about jobs closed. This was enhanced by the wake of wake of the global economic crunch, however, Presently, Hershey Chocolate Company, a US based plc is making tireless efforts to acquire Cadbury so as to enjoy broad world markets due to the positive tradition conditions that have been put in place and enhanced fully. Lastly, tariffs or free trade is another indicator that has enhances economic growth in the UK.   According to the economists, when high tariff was not formulated, UK was not economically productive as it was stuck in a huge economic depression in the early years. In contrast, the tariff has currently created appropriate economy in that there is large proportion of the entire population at the same time dependent on commerce and industry sector. The imposition of free tariff has highly promoted growth of several industries. According to the economists, the persistence in economic history, it shows the free trade provides long-run conditions for growth that maybe better than any other way (Aldridge, 2013). How positive trading conditions affects approaches to strategic planning Strategic planning is the process in an organization which leads the organization to coming up with news strategies and ideas and finding for means of achieving those strategies as one way of improving an organization or company. It deals with knowing what is to be done, how it is going to be done and for what purpose and the means of doing it. Strategic planning involves understanding a company’s mission, vision, strategies, aims, objectives, goals and achievements. The tools required for this include the pestle factors example economic, social, political, legal, environmental and technological and informatics factors. The construction industry which had been affected by the economic breakdown is now improving as various business strategies are being enhanced. United Kingdom’s GDP is pushed upwardly through enhancing the positive trading conditions. The trading conditions in the United Kingdom are currently improving amidst many challenges facing the economy of Britain thus if the GDP is to move upwards then the trading conditions must be improved. Last year November, the United Kingdom’s exports had a small positive change which made the imports to decrease thus enhancing positive trading conditions which in return reflected a positive change in the GDP (Great Britain Great Britain, 2013). Change in trading conditions impacts greatly on the GDP thus it is determined by trading conditions. United Kingdom’s sterling pound is weakening which contributes to an increase in the amounts exported because of recovery in trade worldwide. Thus as the number of exports increases the GDP maintains a positive move thereby stabilizing the economy thereby maintaining the strategic planning in order to maintain that positive move in the economy. Trading conditions determines which strategies to be put in place, when they will be made, who will make those strategies and resources required for the strategies to remain successful. The United Kingdom’s trading conditions has suffered challenges over the last few years but lately the trading conditions are taking a positive direction. The manufacturers have learnt their lessons and identified their mistakes which enable them make strategic plans in order to avoid such mistakes in future. Strategic plans have been made in such a way that employment and investments remain balanced. By doing this, the economy of United Kingdom is getting boosted and the sterling pound is gaining value (Great Britain, 2007). Investors and employers are applying good strategic planning which is greatly reflected by improvement of trading conditions and economy at large. The manufacturers are now getting huge profits, importing less and exporting more which shows that the trade market is improving greatly. The United Kingdom is trying to balance its trade which is affected by a number of factors (Middleton, Rodger MacCulloch, 2008). The production cost of the exports should always remain lower than the cost of importation for the economy to remain stable. United Kingdom is strategizing that there are enough and available raw materials instead of importing them. It has put restrictions on trade in terms of taxes and made sure that the trading environment is maintained inclusive of standards of health, safety of its people and conducive environment. Foreign exchange is a key strategy and a contributing factor in the economy of the United Kingdom. The high the foreign exchange the more stable the economy is and vice versa. In addition, it has come up with the strategy of minimizing the cost of the goods sold locally and increasing the cost of its exports. In addition, it has reduced the amount of imports in the country by producing most products locally. The commercial banks and investments banks were greatly affected by the economic decline then followed by the construction and insurance firms and companies. Through the good strategies enhanced the economic started to rise and is now growing to higher standards. The merits, effectiveness and relevance of prescriptive and emergent approaches to strategic planning in this improving economic climate The effectiveness on the strategic planning is based on the ability on how managers and leaders are able to establish concrete strategies which help them attain their vision and mission in the most appropriate means possible.   Strategic planning is fundamental to address long term issues which might which might be as a result of prescriptive and emergent approaches.   During hard economic times, strategic planning is vital for organization to draw up tangible strategies capable to enable the firm to reach out its desired goals and objectives. Prescriptive strategic planning can be defined as a strategy established before the whole implementation process starts (Jeffs, 2008). The whole idea revolves around investigation, planning, development and full implementation.   This approach is vital particularly to ensure analysis of a firm is stable in relation to the economic conditions. Prescriptive strategy is more focused towards developing enough ability to predict the changes occurring on the external environment. This approach makes it achievable to systematize difficult activities and conditions as a way of addressing the current environmental changes (Friend Zehle, 2004). On the other hand, emergent approach is an appropriate alternative to the prescriptive strategic planning.   Emergent approach strategies are developed as time elapses but usually without any objectives or reasons.   This approach is a bit flexible because it allows creation of more creative and responsive process in relation to the present economic conditions.   This approach is not only important but also appropriate mainly to address the volatility evidenced in the present creative and responsive process. This approach is important because it can be easily altered in the best way possible to suit the current economic conditions (Rao, Rao Sivaramakrishna, 2008). It is also be applicable in unpredictable environment in order to address some key issues of concern.   As evidenced the climate is changing rapidly, and therefore it is important to adapt good strategies to ensure and maintain firm’s survival. Effectiveness of both prescriptive and emergent approaches is based on the ability to establish clear business objectives and aims.   The level of flexibility between different companies matters a lot in relation to adaptation of these strategies.   Evidently, firms must develop tangible strategies to tackle the current changes in the environment in order to ensure their survival.   Effectiveness of the strategic planning is based on the fact how a firm is prepared enough to handle all maters presented by economic conditions (Jeffs, 2008).   The focus towards attaining business objectives is the key driver towards establishing effective strategic plan. The numerous changes happening in both developing and emerging countries have led to establishment and diffusion of efficient strategic planning.   The effectives of both prescriptive and emergent approaches are determined by how an organization is able to polish its operations and implementation of viable strategies. In other works it can be stated as the degree at which firms are able to successfully achieve its desired objectives in the most appropriate procedural.   The effectiveness of strategic planning is closely linked with its achievements as a result of established objectives.   Basically, strategic planning is more concerned with objectives and results despite presence of economic conditions (Rao, Rao   Sivaramakrishna, 2008). Strategic planning is relevant to address all issues emerging as a result of economic trading conditions.   According to Friend and Zehle (2004), both prescriptive strategies and emergent strategies are so relevant to address the current situation as witnessed in the in the current economic climate of instability. There is need for companies and organizations to effectively implement and adapt these strategies mainly to ensure their survival.   The aim of these strategies is to ensure that an organization has proper mechanism put in place to handle changes which might be as a result of environmental changes (Jeffs, 2008). Strategic planning has gained more popularity with many companies adapting strategies with more efforts focused towards achieving the aims and objectives goals.   Evidently, strategic planning helps organizations to grow progress and successfully adapt effective strategies to address the constantly changing environment. Conclusion From the above paper it is evident that, over the past few years, UK economy has witnessed a recession period characterized by decline in positive business conditions. This period indicated unfavorable business environment due to aspects of high taxation, reduced demand and high cost of imports. The implication is widespread low imports hence attracting all trading businesses. The economic recovery in UK also indicates enhanced future for high streets brands since it is improving its attractiveness and survival. According to many indicators, UK economy appears to be emerging from the turbulence of the past five years; with its devastating impact on many businesses including well known high street brands. Strategic planning is vital to address long term issues which might which might be as a result of prescriptive and emergent approaches. Reference Aldridge, I. (2013). High-frequency trading: A practical guide to algorithmic strategies and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   trading systems. Cofnas, A. (2012). Trading binary options: Strategies and tactics. Hoboken, NJ: Bloomberg   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Press/Wiley. Friend, G., Zehle, S. (2004). Guide to business planning. London: Economist in association    with Profile Books. Great Britain. (2007). Success and failure in the UK car maunfacturing industry. London: The    Stationery Office. Great Britain., Great Britain. (2013). The future of the European Union: UK Government   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   policy : first report of session 2013-14. London: Stationery Office. Holley, D. (2012). UK economic recovery: The long road : a political thesis. Guildford: Grosvenor House. Irvin, G. W. (2006). Regaining Europe: An economic agenda for the 21st century. London:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Federal Trust for Education and Research. Jeffs, C. (2008). Strategic management. Los Angeles: SAGE. Middleton, K., Rodger, B. J., MacCulloch, A. (2008). Cases and materials on UK and EC   Ã‚   competition law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Rao, C. A., Rao, B. P., Sivaramakrishna, K. (2008). Strategic management and business   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   policy: Texts and cases. New Delhi, India: Excel. Trade and investment for growth. (2011). London: Stationery Office.

The Causes and Effects of Smoking Essay -- Health Smoking Nicotine Tob

The Causes and Effects of Smoking Scientists and health officials have been arguing the detrimental effects smoking has on our health for many years. Smoking can lead to serious complications including asthma, pancreas, lung and stomach cancer due to the large number of carcinogens (cancer causing chemicals) and other various substances added to it. It is a health hazard for both smokers and non-smokers and it is especially harmful to unborn babies. Although smokers claim that it helps them to relax and release stress, the negative aspects of the habit take over the positive. As it has been stressed by the scientists and experts, there are some very severe reasons of smoking but its crucial consequences should also be taken into consideration. There are many causes which make people smoke, however it can be divided into two main causes: physical and psychological. First cause which is physical concerns the human body’s needs. Nicotine contained in cigarette is an addictive substance. It is the chemical which causes addiction. Nicotine reduces tension in the muscles and allows smokers to relax so they feel that they can relieve stress by smoking. Nicotine can also have a calming effect on people who are anxious and worried. This is why it can bring a feeling of tranquility and help smokers to cope with stress. Thus, people smoke when they are depressed, lonely or bored. Nicotine is absorbed by the smoker’s lung and intestines. Very quickly, nicotine can stimulate brain and certain types of nerves so heart rate and blood pressure go up; respiration increases. A little nicotine makes smokers feel more energy and improve concentration. As a consequence, these physical effects created by smoking play an important role in making people feel the need to smoke. Second main cause of smoking is psychological which seems to be a very important factor for people to get the habit. One of the psychological situations which drive people to smoke is low self esteem. Low self esteem is linked not only to smoking but also other behavioral problems such as drinking. It leads to feeling like a dependent individual who can not make decisions for himself or herself and just follow the crowd. So one conclusion to be drawn from this aspect is that people with low self esteem tend to smoke by imitating the people that they see around themselves especially in public place... ... blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol levels or excessive body weight. One last very severe effect of smoking is teeth decay. The reason for teeth decay is tobacco products which damage your gum tissue by affecting the attachment of bone and soft tissue to your teeth. An example of the effect is receding gums. A receding gum line exposes the tooth roots and increases your risk of developing a sensitivity to hot and cold, or tooth decay in these unprotected areas. Additionally, smoking can also contribute to bad breath, stains in the teeth and a build-up of tartar on the teeth. Consequently, tobacco which contains many harmful chemicals damages human beings’ health day by day. Although people are aware of the bad effects of smoking, they still smoke for one reason or another. When the current situation is considered, it is clear that smoking which has been spreading all over the world is not only the problem of a country or a territory but the problem of mankind because smoking brings many disadvantages for humans like diseases. I personally believe that it is important to help children remain lifelong non-smokers because they are our hope for a non-smoking future.

Communities Essay -- Group Communication Community Essays

Communitites When most people talk about community, they think of a location, an area in which people live. By definition â€Å"community† is a group of people living in the same location and under the same government. Community can also be defined as a group of people with the same common interests or segments in society. However, these definitions, which can be found in any dictionary, are only the tip of the iceberg when it comes to explaining what community really is. Community is the memories and traditions of a certain area, as well as the interactions and responsibilities of its members. In order to truly belong to a community people must follow a set of values. These communal values are needed to provide stability among communities in this ever changing world. In the past ten years, with the advent of the internet and many other forms of communication, communities have become less interactive and isolated. In this paper I will be discussing the purpose of communal values and why t hey should be protected. Having a sense of belonging within a community is very important. Many people who have moved since childhood will always remember where they grew up. It is the memories and history they have there that will always make it home. In the play The Piano Lesson, the author shows the conflict between Boy Willie and his sister Berniece both of whom are African American. The conflict of the story centers on gaining a sense of belonging from one’s past. Boy Willie wishes to buy the land where his ancestors were slaves. In doing this Boy Willie must sell an antique piano which has been in his family for generations. Berniece wishes to hold on to the antique piano because it holds the history of their family in its unique carvings. In Boy Willie’s mind, gaining the piece of land would make his life meaningful and give him a sense of belonging. This story shows how the powerful bonds of memories and history are enough to create conflict between even the closest individuals. However , sense of belonging in a community does not require the history and memories of a place. People can gain a sense of belonging from simple but meaningful acts within the community. In Scott Russell Sanders’s essay on community, he explains how simple acts such as making bread with his daughter and children from the neighborhood gives him a sense of belonging and hope. Communal inte... ...o their communities as a whole. Throughout this paper we see the common problem of limiting the interactions between community members, and how this will hurt communities. Only when these issues become so evident that they begin to cause large problems will they be looked at, and by that time it could be too late. Schools now should be teaching children the importance of group thought and how it forms the basis of community structure around the world. The children of the future must not be sheltered from the outside world with new technology and packaged communities. Works Cited Collie, Tim. â€Å"In 21st Century, Americans are increasingly mobile creatures.† Sun-Sentinel [Fort Lauderdale, FL] 3 Jan. 2001: A4. Ehrenfeld, David. â€Å"Pseudocommunities.† Vitek and Jackson 20-24. Kline, David. â€Å"An Amish Perspective.† Vitek and Jackson 35-40. Paige, Harry W. â€Å"Leave If You Can.† Vitek and Jackson 11-14. Sanders, Scott Russell. â€Å"The Common Life.† Vitek and Jackson 40-49. Tall, Deborah. â€Å"Dwelling: Making Peace with Space and Place.† Vitek and Jackson 104-12. Vitek, William, and Wes Jackson, eds. Rooted In The Lan: Essays on Community and Place. New Haven: Yale UP, 1996.

Psy 535

Multicultural research methodologies are one of the newest research fields to be implemented in recent decades. Traditional research methodology has been established for centuries, and has a very orthodox view of things like norms, measurement instruments, sampling, and observation. Multicultural researchers quickly found out that applying these same factors to their own research was inappropriate; the field of multicultural research demanded a different perspective if any sort of useful and accurate findings were ever going to be issued. Two areas where there is great difference between multicultural research and traditional research are measurement instruments and norms. In these two areas it is easy to demonstrate how traditional research has a much easier time being performed with the standard and well established concepts involving measurement instruments and norms. However, when a multicultural researcher attempts to answer a question or reinforce a hypothesis he or she will quickly find out that they must perform their research in a way that is very different from those in the traditional field. Measurement instruments are an excellent place to begin looking at the way multicultural and traditional research methodologies contrast. As the world becomes increasingly globalized and corporations begin to operate in many different countries encompassing different and diverse cultures, there is a clear need for accurate multicultural research on a myriad of topics. Even simple surveys like product satisfaction are more difficult for a multicultural researcher. Various countries and populaces simply have different viewpoints and this can cause entire research designs to have to be suited to specific nations, or even specific populations within those nations. For example, traditional researchers have found that it can be extremely difficult to get individuals in Latin America to participate in one of traditional researchers move time honored measurement devices; the focus group. (Morrow, 231) In contrast, many American citizens are quite receptive to the idea of participating in a focus group, a well-established fact known to most multicultural as well as traditional researchers. Those who are educated in multicultural research methods understand that Latin Americans have a very different point of view when it comes to how they value their time. For the average Latin American the idea of participating in a focus group is a waste of time that could be better spent doing almost anything else. The list of research measurement instruments that must be altered depending on the culture being sampled is almost endless. Mail surveys, another common tactic employed by traditional researchers to gauge opinion on a host of different topics have been found to be very inefficient with Americans and many Westerners in general. (Morrow, 256) Multicultural researchers have found that, through careful studies, other cultures are much more receptive to mail surveys. The Japanese, for instance, are much more likely to complete and return a survey mailed to them in comparison to the average American household who would likely discard the survey as â€Å"junk mail†. Morrow, 257) This is not to suggest that either culture is wrong for their treatment of this particular research instrument; rather, it simply highlights that people thousands of miles apart have vastly different cultural experiences that will shape their views on the importance of everything, including whether or not a mail survey is worth their time. An informed multicultural researcher would be wise to employ the mail survey when he or she is doing their work in Japan, just like a researcher working in the United States would achieve much better results by utilizing focus groups. Traditional researchers might very well plod ahead and send out thousands of mail surveys to Americans, knowing that they will receive a small percentage back. However, if these researchers were to pay closer attention to the cultural aspect of the research, they would be able to conduct their inquiries in a more efficient way, both in terms of money spent and answers received. A second area that holds great potential as a way to compare and contrast multicultural and traditional research methodologies is norms. Traditional researchers usually work with a well-established set of norms that rarely fluctuates. Gottfried, 117) Multicultural researchers operate in a much different environment. For those looking to perform a study or experiment that focuses on the impact of culture, they must pay very close attention to the individuals who they are surveying and how the norms for those people can be very different from the norms of others sampled. An example of this would be a multicultur al researcher attempting to study the public’s view of single-payer healthcare, as many liberals have suggested is a good idea for implementation in the United States. A researcher could ask a series of targeted questions to a group of Americans, but without considering their cultural leanings, the research would be inherently flawed. A fourth generation American of European descent will have rather â€Å"mainstream† views of the topic, which will contrast greatly with a first generation Canadian immigrant. (Gottfried, 112) The cultural norms for each of these groups will be very different, which will end up in them answering the question differently or, even if they answer the same, for different reasons. A traditional researcher would not pay very much attention to this issue, and would likely state that an American is an American, and that with a large enough sample size they would arrive at the correct diagnosis of the public’s point of view regarding the topic. Those who are involved with multicultural research know that by passing over the deep cultural divides that exist between most American citizens, the research would be virtually worthless. In conclusion, multicultural research and traditional research have much in common, but differ on some very important points. Two of these points are the relevance of norms and measurement instruments. Multicultural researchers will work much harder to get a better understanding of their respondent’s culture before asking questions and conducting other research. This ensures that the reasons behind their answers are known, which equal a more comprehensive research design. Measurement tools and their impact differ between the two research methods as well. Multicultural researchers pay close attention to the culture they are sampling, and employ research instruments that are the most likely to garner results. Traditional researchers are much more likely to use a blunt research tool, and use it over and over again until they achieve the necessary amount of responses. Both research methodologies have their place, and both will continue to benefit from the others perspective. Works Cited Morrow, Susan L. (2001) â€Å"Qualitative research methods for multicultural counseling: Handbook of multicultural counseling† Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications Gottfried, Paul Edward. (2002) â€Å"Multiculturalism and the Politics of Guilt: Toward a Secular Theocracy,† University of Missouri